What is defined as the set of formulas imposed on a database?

The correct answer is the schema. In the context of databases, a schema is an abstract representation that defines how data is organized within the database, including the relationships between different data elements. It consists of the structural definitions of the database, which include tables, fields, data types, constraints, and the relationships among them. Essentially, the schema serves as a blueprint for how data is stored, organized, and accessed.

Understanding the role of a schema is crucial for database design and implementation, as it impacts how efficiently data can be queried and managed. It also ensures data integrity and enforces rules that data must adhere to. In contrast, the other options refer to different concepts: a data model is a broader framework that outlines how data is logically structured, a catalog generally refers to metadata that describes data stored within the database without giving specific structural details, and a record represents a single entry in a database table.